UXO Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
We’ve tried to think of every single unexploded ordnance (UXO) related question conceivable, but if we’ve failed to factor in your conundrum, call us and we’ll do all we can to give you the information you need.
What does UXO stand for?
UXO stands for unexploded ordnance. It refers to military munitions such as bombs, shells, mortars, grenades, or mines that were fired, dropped, or buried but failed to detonate as intended.
Is UXO the same as UXB?
Not quite. UXB specifically refers to unexploded bombs, while UXO is a broader term that includes all types of unexploded military ordnance.
Where is UXO found in the UK?
UXO can be found across the UK, particularly in areas that were heavily bombed during World War II, such as London, Liverpool, Birmingham, Bristol, and Glasgow. It’s also common around former military training sites, firing ranges, coastal defences, munitions factories, and reclaimed or backfilled land.
Is UXO still dangerous?
Yes. Despite their age, items can remain highly volatile. The explosive compounds and fuze mechanisms may become more sensitive over time due to corrosion, soil pressure, or chemical degradation. Accidental disturbance can result in detonation or environmental contamination.
What does a UXO risk assessment involve?
A UXO risk assessment typically involves a desktop study of historic records, military archives, bomb census data, aerial imagery, and past land use. It assesses the likelihood of UXO presence, and the risk posed by planned groundworks. If a moderate or high risk is identified, further survey and mitigation is recommended.
Do I legally need a UXO risk assessment?
While not a legal requirement in all cases in the UK, a UXO risk assessment is considered best practice under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 and the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. It demonstrates due diligence and supports site safety.
What is a UXO survey?
A UXO survey is a geophysical investigation designed to detect buried metallic anomalies that could be unexploded ordnance. Surveys can be non-intrusive (surface or drone-based magnetometry) or intrusive (downhole magnetometer or CPT with sensors).
How deep can UXO be buried?
Depth varies depending on the type of ordnance, impact force, and soil conditions. In soft ground such as clay or peat, UXO can be found at depths greater than 6–12 metres. In harder ground, it may remain closer to the surface.
How does BACTEC detect deep UXO?
We are the only UK company operating The Stitcher - a specialist tracked rig capable of detecting UXO up to 13 metres deep using advanced grid-based magnetometer probing. It is ideal for large or high-risk sites requiring rapid, high-resolution data.
What happens if you find UXO on a site?
Work must stop immediately. The area should be evacuated and secured. The site manager and emergency services should be informed. A qualified EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) engineer must then assess the item. If necessary, it will be removed or safely detonated in coordination with the police or Ministry of Defence.
How long does a UXO survey take?
Survey duration depends on site size, survey type, and access. We provide realistic timelines based on scope and site conditions.
Can UXO surveys tell the difference between scrap metal and real ordnance?
Yes, to an extent. Skilled data analysts and EOD experts can interpret size, shape, and depth of anomalies, supported by historical research. Suspect items are investigated further via supervised excavation or intrusive investigation.
What is a UXO watching brief?
A UXO watching brief involves a qualified EOD engineer supervising groundworks in real time. They watch for signs of UXO and advise on how to proceed safely. This is used when survey methods are limited or when excavation is occurring in high-risk areas.
What is UXO clearance?
UXO clearance is the process of removing or neutralising UXO to make a site safe. This may include surface clearance, intrusive investigation, EOD supervision, and disposal or handover to military authorities.
Is UXO found offshore?
Yes; it’s commonly found in rivers, lakes, and on the seabed, particularly in areas affected by wartime dumping or naval activity. We provide marine UXO risk assessments, geophysical surveys, ROV inspection, diver support, and offshore clearance.
What types of clients need UXO services?
Our clients include construction contractors, developers, planners, local authorities, utilities providers, marine engineers, infrastructure firms, housing associations, and landowners - essentially anyone breaking ground on historically affected land.
What is MEC or ERW?
MEC stands for Munitions and Explosives of Concern. ERW means Explosive Remnants of War. These are broader terms often used in international contexts. In the UK, UXO and UXB are more commonly used in construction and development.
Can I train my team in UXO awareness?
Yes, we offer CPD-accredited UXO safety and awareness training for site personnel, health and safety professionals, and project managers. Training covers UXO types, site protocols, risk response, and identification techniques.
How soon can BACTEC mobilise for a UXO emergency?
We offer nationwide coverage and can typically deploy to site within hours for urgent UXO assessment or disposal. Our rapid-response EOD engineers are ready to act when needed.
How much does UXO support cost?
Costs depend on risk level, site size, survey type, and service duration. We provide clear, tailored quotes with no hidden fees. Investing in UXO risk management early can prevent far higher costs caused by stoppages or emergencies.
Where can I learn more?
We thought you’d never ask! You can contact our UXO team directly via [LINK] for advice, quotes or further information. We're happy to talk through your site and recommend the best course of action, or just chat all things UXO.